Gabriel

hooo ? you use the same code ? TTexture m_ScreenMask=LoadTexture ("abstract::Screen.dds"); .. { UpdateFramework(); RenderFramework(); SetBlend(1); DrawImage( m_ScreenMask,0,0,1280,1024); SetBlend(0); Flip(0); }

I'm not sure I can use the command LoadTexture with png or tga! I think the only DDS I do not return an error with this API. I also i try "mips map option", but always black Which can test the file and tell me if he can see the image completely black? thank you Gabriel

My Link ! Thank Screen.rar

hi, i try now with tga (save as tga) , but LoadTexture retun NULL with "Screen.tga" Thank

Hello, I have a bitmap that I want to display with the transparancy. I use "Paint.net" when I backup my file Screen.dds (DXT5) my image to the screen is black! I try with "and paintshop plugin nvidia" then "MakeDDS" and it is alway the same thing! Mais le plus vexant "doors1.dds" fonctionne tres bien. sauf si je l'edite ou le converti avec "MakeDDS.exe" Some can give me a little color in my code;-)? TTexture m_ScreenMask=LoadTexture ("abstract::Screen.dds"); .. { UpdateFramework(); RenderFramework(); SetBlend(1); DrawImage( m_ScreenMask,0,0,1280,1024); SetBlend(0); Flip(0); }

thank Josh i try this Gab.

Hello I have a big problem! In my scene there are six objects who walk all alone. The movements of the object have been created with key animations in 3DMax. My problem is the visibility of the object they disappeared according to their position if the camera is fixed or if the camera moves and the character stay at same position. The effect is reversed depending of axis is negative or positive !! I tried "EntityViewRange" , but it makes no difference Please help me this is very urgent. Thank you in advance Undo edits Gabriel

Hello Josh the only laptop at home is a mac. and my wife is sick I stay glued to my desktop PC in my office along. I thought that this could be a solution, I could continue my developement on my emulator. PS: BlitzBasic works perfectly on the emulator VMWare fusion! If you ever have an idea, my wife will be eternally grateful to you;-) Gabriel

Hello, I try to run an application leadwerks on vmware fusion virtual machine, but it does not work the same probleme with editor: ( someone has an idea? below the log file Warning: Failed to load material "abstract::dust.mat": Path not found. Leadwerks Engine 2.5 Initializing Renderer... OpenGL Version: 2.1 Mesa 7.5.1 GLSL Version: 1.20 Render device: Gallium 0.3 on SVGA3D; build: RELEASE; Vendor: VMware, Inc. DrawBuffers2 supported: 0 16 texture units supported. GPU instancing supported: 0 Shader model 4.0 supported: 0 Conditional render supported: 0 Loading shader "zip::c:/course/montanahorseleo/resources/shaders.pak//query.vert", ""... Invoking script "C:/course/MontanaHorseLeo/Scripts/start/collisions.lua"... Invoking script "C:/course/MontanaHorseLeo/Scripts/start/fliphook.lua"... Invoking script "C:/course/MontanaHorseLeo/Scripts/start/globals.lua"... Loading model "c:/course/montanahorseleo/resources/models/splin/voiture/voiture.gmf"... Loading mesh "c:/course/montanahorseleo/resources/models/splin/voiture/voiture.gmf"... Loading material "c:/course/montanahorseleo/resources/models/splin/voiture/voitureuv01.mat"... Loading texture "c:/course/montanahorseleo/resources/models/splin/voiture/voitureuv01.dds"... Loading shader "zip::c:/course/montanahorseleo/resources/shaders.pak//mesh/mesh_skin_diffuse.vert", "zip::c:/course/montanahorseleo/resources/shaders.pak//mesh/mesh_diffuse.frag"... Error: Failed to compile fragment shader object. Error: Array index out of bounds (index=1 size=1) Source: #version 120 #define LW_MAX_PASS_SIZE 1 #define LW_DIFFUSE texture0 #extension GL_ARB_draw_buffers : enable uniform vec3 cameraposition; uniform vec2 buffersize; uniform vec2 camerarange; float greyscale( in vec3 color ) { return color.x * 0.3 + color.y * 0.59 + color.z * 0.11; } float DepthToZPosition(in float depth) { return camerarange.x / (camerarange.y - depth * (camerarange.y - camerarange.x)) * camerarange.y; } float ZPositionToDepth(in float z) { return (camerarange.x / (z / camerarange.y) - camerarange.y) / -(camerarange.y - camerarange.x); } #ifdef LW_DETAIL uniform sampler2D LW_DETAIL; #endif #ifdef LW_DIFFUSE uniform sampler2D LW_DIFFUSE; #endif #ifdef LW_DIFFUSE2 uniform sampler2D LW_DIFFUSE2; #endif #ifdef LW_SPECULARMAP uniform sampler2D LW_SPECULARMAP; #endif #ifdef LW_BUMPMAP uniform sampler2D LW_BUMPMAP; #endif #ifdef LW_BUMPMAP2 uniform sampler2D LW_BUMPMAP2; #endif #ifdef LW_BLOOM uniform sampler2D LW_BLOOM; #endif #ifdef LW_CUBEMAP uniform samplerCube LW_CUBEMAP; varying vec3 cubemapdir; varying vec3 cubemapnormal; #endif #ifdef LW_GIMAP uniform sampler2D LW_GIMAP; #endif #ifdef LW_PARALLAXMAP uniform sampler2D LW_PARALLAXMAP; varying vec3 eyevec; #endif #ifdef LE_REFRACTION uniform sampler2D LE_REFRACTION; uniform sampler2D LE_DEPTHBUFFER; uniform float refractionstrength = 0.01; #endif #ifdef LW_POMMAP vec3 vLightTS=vec3(0.577,0.577,0.577); varying vec3 eyevec; float depthP = 0.01; float nMinSamples = 20; float nMaxSamples = 50; #endif #ifdef LW_MESHLAYER varying float vegetationfade; #endif #ifdef LW_ALPHABLEND uniform sampler2D LW_ALPHABLEND_INCOMINGCOLOR; uniform sampler2D LW_ALPHABLEND_INCOMINGNORMAL; #endif varying vec3 vertexposition; varying vec3 T,B,N; varying vec2 texcoord0; varying vec2 texcoord1; varying vec4 modelvertex; varying vec4 fragcolor; float fOcclusionShadow = 1.0; uniform sampler2D texture14; uniform float terrainsize; uniform vec3 terrainscale; uniform float bumpscale; uniform float specular; uniform float gloss; //Terrain color map uniform sampler2D texture12; void main(void) { vec4 diffuse = fragcolor; vec3 normal; float shininess = 0.0; vec2 texcoord=texcoord0;// only use this because of parallax mapping float selfillumination = 0.0; vec2 terraincoord; float terrainresolution; #ifdef LW_VERTEXGI diffuse = vec4(1); #endif #ifdef LW_PARALLAXMAP texcoord += (diffuse.w * 0.04 - 0.036) * normalize(eyevec).xy; //texcoord += (texture2D(LW_DIFFUSE,texcoord).w * 0.04 - 0.036) * normalize(eyevec).xy; #endif #ifdef LW_POMMAP // for POM, the heightmap is in the alpha of the diffuse so save ur diffuse with DXT5 I chose this because the alpha of DXT5 is higher precision // from Microsoft's and Ati's implementation thank them for the source // Compute the ray direction for intersecting the height field profile with // current view ray. See the above paper for derivation of this computation. (Ati's comment) // Compute initial parallax displacement direction: (Ati's comment) vec2 vparallaxdirection = normalize(eyevec).xy; // The length of this vector determines the furthest amount of displacement: (Ati's comment) float flength = length( eyevec ); float fparallaxlength = sqrt( flength * flength - eyevec.z * eyevec.z ) / eyevec.z; // Compute the actual reverse parallax displacement vector: (Ati's comment) vec2 vParallaxOffsetTS = vparallaxdirection * fparallaxlength; // Need to scale the amount of displacement to account for different height ranges // in height maps. This is controlled by an artist-editable parameter: (Ati's comment) vParallaxOffsetTS *= depthP; int nNumSamples; nNumSamples = int((mix( nMinSamples, nMaxSamples, 1-dot( vparallaxdirection, N.xy ) ))); //In reference shader: int nNumSamples = (int)(lerp( nMinSamples, nMaxSamples, dot( eyeDirWS, N ) )); float fStepSize = 1.0 / float(nNumSamples); float fCurrHeight = 0.0; float fPrevHeight = 1.0; float fNextHeight = 0.0; int nStepIndex = 0; vec2 vTexOffsetPerStep = fStepSize * vParallaxOffsetTS; vec2 vTexCurrentOffset = texcoord.xy; float fCurrentBound = 1.0; float fParallaxAmount = 0.0; vec2 pt1 = vec2(0,0); vec2 pt2 = vec2(0,0); while ( nStepIndex < nNumSamples ) { vTexCurrentOffset -= vTexOffsetPerStep; // Sample height map which in this case is stored in the alpha channel of the normal map: (Ati's comment) fCurrHeight = texture2D( LW_DIFFUSE, vTexCurrentOffset).a; fCurrentBound -= fStepSize; if ( fCurrHeight > fCurrentBound ) { pt1 = vec2( fCurrentBound, fCurrHeight ); pt2 = vec2( fCurrentBound + fStepSize, fPrevHeight ); nStepIndex = nNumSamples + 1; //Exit loop fPrevHeight = fCurrHeight; } else { nStepIndex++; fPrevHeight = fCurrHeight; } } float fDelta2 = pt2.x - pt2.y; float fDelta1 = pt1.x - pt1.y; float fDenominator = fDelta2 - fDelta1; // SM 3.0 requires a check for divide by zero, since that operation will generate // an 'Inf' number instead of 0, as previous models (conveniently) did: (Ati's comment) if ( fDenominator == 0.0 ) { fParallaxAmount = 0.0; } else { fParallaxAmount = (pt1.x * fDelta2 - pt2.x * fDelta1 ) / fDenominator; } vec2 vParallaxOffset = vParallaxOffsetTS * (1 - fParallaxAmount ); texcoord = texcoord - vParallaxOffset; vLightTS = T * vLightTS.x + B * vLightTS.y + N * vLightTS.z; vec2 vLightRayTS = vLightTS.xy * depthP; // Compute the soft blurry shadows taking into account self-occlusion for // features of the height field: float sh0 = texture2D( LW_DIFFUSE, texcoord).a; //float sh7 = (texture2D( LW_DIFFUSE, texcoord + vLightRayTS * 0.55).a - sh0 - 0.55 ) * 6; //float sh6 = (texture2D( LW_DIFFUSE, texcoord + vLightRayTS * 0.44).a - sh0 - 0.44 ) * 8; //float sh5 = (texture2D( LW_DIFFUSE, texcoord + vLightRayTS * 0.33).a - sh0 - 0.33 ) * 10; //float sh4 = (texture2D( LW_DIFFUSE, texcoord + vLightRayTS * 0.22).a - sh0 - 0.22 ) * 12; // Compute the actual shadow strength: //fOcclusionShadow = 1 - max( max( max( sh7, sh6 ), sh5 ), sh4 ); // The previous computation overbrightens the image, let's adjust for that: //fOcclusionShadow = fOcclusionShadow* .1+.45; //diffuse *= fOcclusionShadow; #endif #ifdef LW_DIFFUSE2 vec4 diffuse2 = texture2D(LW_DIFFUSE2,texcoord); diffuse = vec4(1); #endif #ifdef LW_DIFFUSE diffuse *= texture2D(LW_DIFFUSE,texcoord);//*fOcclusionShadow; #endif #ifdef LW_ALPHATEST if (diffuse.w<0.5) { discard; } #endif normal = N; #ifdef LW_BUMPMAP #ifdef LW_TERRAINNORMALS //Use terrain normals terraincoord=vec2(vertexposition.x,-vertexposition.z) / terrainsize + 0.5; terrainresolution = terrainsize / terrainscale.x; terraincoord += 0.5 / terrainresolution; vec3 worldNormal = ((texture2D(texture14,terraincoord).xyz - 0.5) * 2.0).xyz; normal = normalize(gl_NormalMatrix*worldNormal); #else vec4 bumpcolor = texture2D(LW_BUMPMAP,texcoord); normal = bumpcolor.xyz * 2.0 - 1.0; #endif #ifdef LW_DETAIL normal += texture2D(LW_DETAIL,texcoord * 4.0).xyz * 2.0 - 1.0; #endif normal.z /= bumpscale; normal = T * normal.x + B * normal.y + N * normal.z; normal = normalize(normal); #ifdef LW_SPECULAR shininess = bumpcolor.a*specular;//*fOcclusionShadow #endif #ifdef LW_SPECULARMAP shininess = texture2D(LW_SPECULARMAP,texcoord).x*specular;//*fOcclusionShadow #endif #else normal=normalize(normal); #endif #ifdef LW_BUMPMAP2 vec3 normal2; float shininess2; vec4 bumpcolor2 = texture2D(LW_BUMPMAP2,texcoord); normal2 = bumpcolor2.xyz * 2.0 - 1.0; normal2.z /= bumpscale; normal2 = T * normal2.x + B * normal2.y + N * normal2.z; normal2 = normalize(normal2); #ifdef LW_SPECULAR shininess2 = bumpcolor2.a*specular; #endif #endif #ifdef LW_TERRAINNORMALS #ifndef LW_BUMPMAP //Use terrain normals terraincoord=vec2(vertexposition.x,-vertexposition.z) / terrainsize + 0.5; terrainresolution = terrainsize / terrainscale.x; terraincoord.x -= 0.5 / terrainresolution; //vec4 normsample=((texture2D(texture14,terraincoord).xyz - 0.5) * 2.0).xyz; vec3 worldNormal = ((texture2D(texture14,terraincoord).xyz - 0.5) * 2.0).xyz; normal = normalize(gl_NormalMatrix*worldNormal); //shininess = normsample.w; #endif #endif #ifdef LW_TERRAINCOLOR //Use terrain color terraincoord=vec2(vertexposition.x,-vertexposition.z) / terrainsize + 0.5; terrainresolution = terrainsize / terrainscale.x; terraincoord.x -= 0.5 / terrainresolution; //terraincoord.y += 0.5 / terrainresolution; vec4 terraincolor = texture2D(texture12,terraincoord); diffuse = vec4( greyscale(diffuse.xyz) * 2.0 * terraincolor.xyz,diffuse.w); #ifdef LW_MESHLAYER float temp_w=diffuse.w; diffuse = diffuse * (1.0-vegetationfade) + terraincolor * vegetationfade; diffuse.w=temp_w; #endif shininess = terraincolor.w; #endif #ifdef LE_REFRACTION diffuse.a=0.25; vec4 refractionvector = vec4( gl_FragCoord.x/buffersize.x, gl_FragCoord.y/buffersize.y, gl_FragCoord.z, 1.0 ); vec4 refractionvector2 = refractionvector + refractionstrength * vec4(normal,0.0); if (gl_FragCoord.z<DepthToZPosition(texture2DProj(LE_DEPTHBUFFER,refractionvector2).x)) { refractionvector=refractionvector2; } vec4 transparency = texture2DProj(LE_REFRACTION,refractionvector); diffuse = transparency * diffuse; #endif #ifdef LW_BUMPMAP2 shininess = fragcolor.r * shininess + (1.0-fragcolor.r) * shininess2; normal = fragcolor.r * normal + (1.0-fragcolor.r) * normal2; #endif vec3 adjustednormal = normal*0.5+0.5; float adjustedgloss = gloss; shininess=clamp(shininess,0.0,1.0)*0.5; #ifdef LW_DIFFUSE2 diffuse = fragcolor.r * diffuse + (1.0-fragcolor.r) * diffuse2; #endif #ifdef LW_CUBEMAP vec3 cubecoord = reflect( normalize( modelvertex.xyz - cameraposition ), normal * gl_NormalMatrix ); diffuse = vec4( textureCube(LW_CUBEMAP,cubecoord).xyz, diffuse.w); #endif //Diffuse gl_FragData[0] = diffuse; //Normal #ifdef LW_FULLBRIGHT gl_FragData[1] = vec4(1.0,1.0,1.0,diffuse.w); #else gl_FragData[1] = vec4(adjustednormal,diffuse.w); #endif //Bloom #ifdef LW_BLOOM vec4 bloomcolor = texture2D(LW_BLOOM,texcoord) * fragcolor; gl_FragData[3] = bloomcolor; gl_FragData[3].w = 0; #else #ifdef LW_GIMAP vec4 gicolor = texture2D(LW_GIMAP,vec2(texcoord1.x,1.0-texcoord1.y)); //We're going to clamp the results to prevent overbrightening when the lightmap environment doesn't match the dynamic lighting //float gilum = gicolor.r * 0.3 + gicolor.g * 0.59 + gicolor.b * 0.11; //float giscale = clamp(gilum,0,0.1) / gilum; //gicolor.x *= giscale; //gicolor.y *= giscale; //gicolor.z *= giscale; gicolor *= diffuse; gicolor.w = 1.0; gl_FragData[3] = gicolor; #else #ifdef LW_VERTEXGI gl_FragData[3] = fragcolor * diffuse; gl_FragData[3].w = 1.0; #else gl_FragData[3] = vec4(0); #endif #endif #endif //Modify depth output for shadows #ifdef LW_POMMAP float z = DepthToZPosition(gl_FragCoord.z); z = z -diffuse.a * fparallaxlength * depthP; gl_FragDepth = ZPositionToDepth( z ); #endif gl_FragData[2]=vec4(shininess,gloss,0.0,diffuse.w); /* float c; float temp; temp=adjustednormal.x*100.0; c=int(temp); temp=adjustednormal.y*100.0; c+=int(temp)/100.0; temp=adjustednormal.z*100.0; c+=int(temp)/100.0/100.0; gl_FragData[1].x = c; */ } stack traceback: [C]: in function 'LoadScene' [string "C:\course\MontanaHorseLeo\start.lua"]:29: in main chunk

@kakanmi " go sell your **** somewhere else, what this guy is leech. If you need to squat this forum to sell your **** pffff is that it not worth a studded." @josh "the wiki page and in the same state!"

thank you, I tried so much, that I was wrong not to FrameWorkRender, but LoadScene (sorry for the mistake) Again, thank you, but I would hold that solution if I have this problem. thank you Someone try the Might & Day 1.3 with C++ ?

Hello, I have crash with the Night and Day script with in C++ When I incorporate in the editor, no propbleme it works and I save my file SBX. Then I make a LoadScene it works, but after a RenderFrameWork I get an error "access violation":/ Any idea? thank you Gabriel m_pEngine = new LEO::Engine("Montana",ScreenWidth , ScreenHeight); m_pFrameWork = new LEO::Framework(); BP L = GetLuaState(); SetGlobalObject( "fw",(TEntity)m_pFrameWork); BP lua = GetLuaState(); lua_pushobject( lua, (TEntity)m_pFrameWork); lua_setglobal( lua, "fw" ); lua_pop( lua, 1 ); m_scene = LE::LoadScene(FileName.c_str()); SetHDR(1); SetSSAO(1); SetBloom(1); SetAntialias(1); SetShadowQuality(1); SetTextureQuality(1); OcclusionCulling(1); while(!KeyHit(KEY_ESCAPE)) { m_pFrameWork->Update(); m_pFrameWork->Render(); <-- crash when calling Render Flip(0); }

@ josh josh at work, we expect the version LE3 If you want help for writting a C++ framework, I am at your service Gabriel

oops, she has digestive problems! ;-)

ブリッツ3Dは楽しいです。

Hi replace デスクトップ by Desktop ;-) No is for funny. All windows use Unicode (multibytes). Try to move your projet on root path like c:/mygame Gabriel

How to share the framework with LeadWerks and Lua script called with the function luaT_LoadFile (). For example: in my lua script "toto.lua" Notify ("Hello world") and in my C code: ... int Istatus = luaL_loadfile ((lua_State*) m_entity, "toto.lua"); Istatus = lua_pcall ((lua_State*) m_entity, 0, 0, 0); ... because when I do that, I have a not very nice this message: Unhandled exception at in 0x080b068f MontanaHorse.exe: 0xC0000005: Access violation when reading location 0x08010014. This problem occurs only when I call a function in lua!. if my lua script contains this: b=9999999 v=0 for i = 0,b do v=v+1 end then it works perfectly! Gabriel

after debugging step by step in lua, that's the solution I without changing the source code of lua or LeadWerks. void Execute(const char*script) { static bool Dunny=false; int iStatus; if (!Dunny) { Dunny=true; iStatus = luaL_loadstring( (lua_State*)m_entity, "" ); // call only first time !!! } iStatus = luaL_loadfile( (lua_State*)m_entity, script ); if (iStatus) { char szTmp[255]; sprintf(szTmp,"Error @LoadFile: %s",lua_tostring((lua_State*)m_entity, -1)); MessageBox(NULL, szTmp,"error in MontanaHorse.exe",MB_OK); return ; } iStatus = lua_pcall( (lua_State*)m_entity, 0, 0, 0); //this might be to initialise the lua script if( iStatus ) { char szTmp[255]; sprintf(szTmp,"Error @pcall: %s",lua_tostring((lua_State*)m_entity, -1)); MessageBox(NULL, szTmp,"error in MontanaHorse.exe",MB_OK); return ; } } I agree with you it's not very conventional, but it works. I will not get lost in debates where the bug;-) what I saw with the debug, after the first call to the luaL_loadfile stack is empty and only after the second call of luaT_loadfile the stack has a function. Here it works and I'm happy. Gabriel

Hi now : Run is not a methode of Script why is removed in my version 2.5 ? Thank

Well, yes he have converted (Byte *) and this is what I have a problem. If an engine pass structure address that I have to treat it is better for me to use the correct structure. otherwise I could have anything like information. example: for LuaJit Byte * ptr = (lua_State *) ptr 25; IS lu_byte hookmask; by cons to Lua: Byte * ptr = (lua_State *) ptr 25; IS lu_byte baseCcalls; because-as in "luaJit" a field of type byte is inserted in this structure. I also need if the structure is alligned to 1 byte or 4 bytes ... otherwise I am absolutely sure of side effects as viollation access or blue screen. C or C++ is not a interpreter and the compiler has a tendency to do make what the programmer told to do ;-) with without reflection like politicians lol

my methode Execute void Execute(const char*script) { //lua_State *L = (lua_State*)GetLuaState(); lua_State *L = reinterpret_cast<lua_State*> (GetLuaState()); if (luaL_loadfile(L, script) || lua_pcall(L, 0, 0, 0)) { char szTmp[255]; sprintf(szTmp,"err:: %s",lua_tostring(L, -1)); MessageBox(NULL, szTmp,"error in MontanaHorse.exe",MB_OK); } } yes a try with absolute and relative paths, but same responce "err: attempt to call a string value" please HELLLLLPPPP ME lol ;-)

hello try with function object:SetKey(key,value) if key =="" then elseif key == "idle" then self.Animations[1].blend = tonumber(value) else return self.super:SetKey(key,value) end return 1 end as same for GetKey, the key return key in lowercase Gabriel

Hello, I have a question for the developer of Leadwerk, what version should I use lua to enjoy the functionality of leadwerks? in the structure lstate.h lua_State is not the same in Lua and LuaJit baseCcalls unsigned short / * nested C calls RESUMING When coroutine * / could you in your reponce add the link where you have to download Lua for "LE2.5" ;-) thank you Gabriel

I do not understand, you have only included the *. c and h * in your project? you must generate Lu51.dll and Lu51.lib to include in the project, otherwise I do not see how linking'll be able to find references? I compiled LuaJit in a separate project. For those who would try without success. It is essential to add to the compilation directive the two following define: LUA_BUILD_AS_DLL and LUA_LIB in the definition of the preprocessor section. I have lua51.dll Lua51.lib and after compilation. I have include in my project. I tried the following code but it does not work? luaL_loadfile ((* lua_State) GetLuaState (), "toto.lua"); lua_pcall ((* lua_State) GetLuaState (), 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0); And in my toto.lua Notify("Greate it work"); If you have an idea I'm interested;-) Gabriel lua51.rar

I have a question for the experts Lua;-) I try to convert the script Spline Lua in C + +, and I met before a problem of semantics of the language Lua, even more elsewhere. function CreateSpline(p0,n0,p1,n1,mag) local spline={} – spline is a table … – one elements of spline is a function named Interpolate function spline:Interpolate(t,v,n) -self is same as spline here ? or self is area of CreateSplin ? v.x = ((self.A * (t ^ 3.0)) + (self.B * (t ^ 2.0)) + (self.C * t) + self.D) … local m=n:Length() – I don’t understand this semantics -- Length as define bellow, function of spline table -- ‘n’ is a parameters of Interpolate function ‘Vect3’ and not spline !!!! end – one elements of spline is a function named Lenght function spline:Length() … spline:Interpolate(p,t) why call spline:Interpolate and not self:Interpolate ?? .. return dist end maybe he has someone who has already converted this script in C or C + +? I like that to better understand this syntax Gabriel